INTRODUCING THIS WEEK’S BLOG – 7TH OF NOVEMBER 2014

Welcome Back!

All of us here at Drawing From the Archives hope our readers enjoyed the Halloween festivities of last weekend! We’re back today with our second round of blog posts, again focusing on six individual cities; some closer to home than others. The theme we’re working with this week is photography. Our goal is to bring your attention to the qualities, conditions and experiences of living in cities of the 19^th and early 20^th centuries. We’ve chosen a diverse set of themes for this week’s blog posts, we hope you enjoy stepping back in time with us discovering the cities of the past.

Before we let you explore the latest additions, can we firstly applaud the amateur and professional photographers whose works we will be using in our blogs this week. We admire their tenacity and devotion to charting the life of a changing city, chronicling minor to major events, places, people, objects etc.

One last thing, in case you missed it, we also added some ePubs of our blogs earlier this week. Please keep an eye on our Twitter page for updates and hints about cities being discussed in our next blog due November 28th.

 As the saying goes curiosity killed the cat…but satisfaction brought it back.

On that note we hope you all enjoy this week’s entries and please don’t hesitate to comment below or contact us.

Aoife, Jennifer, Katie O, Donna, Katie M and Pierre.

To start off this week’s blog Donna will be examining our first case study city; New York City.

New York City – Donna Clifford

Welcome back!

We have been hoping that  you have been missing us but now we are back in style!

Last week, I explored the city of Rome in Italy with special regard to the use of squares and streets as prime social spaces within a city. This week, I have ventured to North America to the city of New York. In modern days, it is a metropolis of the modern world, a global hub of business. Interestingly, I have decided to step back in time and explore the city of New York in the 19th Century. The 19^th century for  New York City provided numerous of changes. Major changes in urban infrastructure, transportation and technology revolutionised the city.

Donna|112755861

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Image 1.1 – This image represents the 19th Century ‘New York’ City.

In 1833, the city established a Water Commission to plan a water supply system. Among the options for the water supply were the Bronx River, Morrisania Creek, Rye Pond and the Croton River. Major David B. Douglass, a hero from the War of 1812 and a West Point engineering professor, supported using the Croton River. Although this was the most expensive option, it could supply 40 million gallons of water a day to the city. The Croton Reservoir was also situated at a high level, so that it could supply the upper floors of city buildings.

 

Image 1.2 – This bridge, which was completed in 1848, was the first to carry the Croton Aqueduct. It originally had a fifteen span stone arch bridge. This aqueduct brought badly needed fresh water to a growing city. In 1860, the bridge deck was increased in height to accommodate additional piping for more water. In 1872, the distinctive High Bridge Watchtower, which remains today, was constructed to control the water pressure.

By 1825 Gas illumination was widely available on the streets of New York and by the 1880’s had advanced to electric lighting.

Image 1.3 – A change in urban infrastructure such as gas street lighting replaced oil lamps in the 1820s; starting at Broadway and Grand Street. In 1880, the first electric street lights arrived along Broadway between 14th and 26th Street.

 

By 1897 The Electric Vehicle Company begins producing Electrobat electric taxicabs in New York, the first commercially-produced electric vehicles

 

Image 1.4 – In 1891, William Morrison built the first electric automobile in the United States. This image effectively portrays the popularity of automobiles. Interestingly, you can also see how two modes of transport sharing the road system in inner city New York, the  horse and cart and the  automobile.

 

Interestingly, these new forms of transportation effectively “stretched” the cities out. First, trolleys veered over bumpy rails, and steam-powered cable cars lugged passengers around. Then with the addition of electric streetcars in cities; which was powered by overhead wires. Electric streetcars and elevated railroads enabled cities to expand, linking central cities to the once-distant suburbs.

Image 1.5 – For my final image, I decided to explore the topic of the first elevated railway which successfully linked the ‘suburbs’ to New York City itself. These modes of transportation acted as a social force in rejoining the cities to their surrounding areas.

I hope you have enjoyed exploring these significant changes and the role they played in New York City in the 19th century.

 

 

Thanks for tuning in again this week,

I hope you enjoy reading this week’s blog posts!

Donna 

 

Biblography:

 

http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/19thcent/promo19.htm

 

http://www.musicals101.com/bwaythenow.htm

 

https://archive.org/details/gasilluminationi00bade

 

http://www.historicbridges.org/bridges/browser/?bridgebrowser=newyork/highbridge/

 

http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/collections/maps/transit/

 

http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/high/

 

http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2014/70168lash/ndx_lash.pdf

 

http://www.teachushistory.org/detocqueville-visit-united-states/articles/historical-background-traveling-early-19th-century

CORK AND ITS MARKETS – JENNIFER EGAN

Dowcha bai!

Excuse my (woeful) attempt at Corkonian, I’m afraid I’m not a native!

While I ventured abroad for my last blog post, I’ve decided to stay closer to home this week and delve into Cork’s past to explore it’s history of food retail and it’s markets, specifically during the 19th and early 20th centuries which for Cork, was an interesting period indeed. For the purpose of this blog, I’m going to hone in on The English Market, Cork Butter Market, St. Peter’s Market and street sellers down along the, as it’s colloquially known, Coal Quay. This week’s task requires us to create a story through digital photographs which surprisingly started out a little difficult with very few online archives storing many photographs of Cork’s markets.

“Still images can be moving and moving images can be still. Both meet within soundscapes.” ~ Chien-Chi Chang

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The photograph of the Queen of England visiting The English Market took worldwide media by storm and became one of the most iconic photographs of the year. What was the reason for this? So what if Queen Lizzy visited the place I do some of my weekly shopping? This got me thinking of the importance of markets to Cork and it’s food-scene.

The economic prosperity of Cork grew in the 18th Century and was based primarily on the provisions trade; salted beef, pork, butter and the like were exported to the West Indies to provision the British navy. The unrivaled ability of Cork Harbour to shelter huge fleets was of course a major factor in the expansion of this type of trade. Cork Butter was internationally renowned and became the largest butter market in the world for its time because of this ability to export huge quantities of goods.

Image 1.1 Grand Parade entrance of The English Market with tram-line passing outside. This perhaps provided transportation for those frequenting the market with their load of shopping. Sourced from Cork City and County Archives’ current exhibit named Cork:Merchant Heritage.

As well as being able to ship stuff out, huge cargo ships had easy access into Cork’s Harbour. It allowed exotic food stuffs such as spices from the East to be imported and sold to the people of Cork, or at least to the more affluent. With this, saw the opening of The English Market in 1788 as a flagship municipal market located at the heart of the new CBD (central business district for those less geographically inclined).

Image 1.2 This photo captures a moment on any given day in The English Market back in the 19th Century. Photographer unknown. Sourced from The English Market’s archives.

This photo is very showing of the time as the majority of the people doing their shopping are in fact women and their children. Not only this, but they are very well dressed which perhaps is telling of their social class. Although the English Market was praised by many, it only served the prosperous. The less well off shopped in what was known as the Irish Market, St. Peter’s Market which had entrances on North Main Street and Cornmarket St. Food prices were more affordable here.

Image 1.3 St. Peter’s Market Street Front c. 1900. Sourced from Michael O’Leary Collection of Cork City Council Archives.

Above is the shop front of St. Peter’s Market (where today lies the Bodega) which was completed in 1843. It was, in a way, the centerpiece of Cork’s market revolution. It was designed by the renowned architect Alexander Deane and modeled on St John’s Market in Liverpool, the largest in the U.K. Its hundreds of stalls sold meat fish and vegetables to the Cork working class. The quality of the food was below par with its grander counterpart, however the medieval town dwellers who enclosed their settlements with defensive walls greatly depended on the market for their supply of food and other necessities.

Image 1.4 A bustling Coal Quay, 1904. See the difference of this bustling crowd compared to the desert St. Peter’s Market (no wonder it didn’t survive!) Sourced from The South of Ireland Illustrated with Descriptive Letterpress and Maps.

Image 1.5 Roadside Butter Market Vendors, Cork. c. 1900. Photographer unknown. Sourced from Cork City Libraries.

“The virtual porosity between the ‘covered street’ that was St Peter’s and the bustling real street outside down by Coal Quay (shown above) proved ultimately fatal to its prospects. It was never able to establish its own distinct, insulated identity as the English Market had done. While the latter continued to turn a healthy profit for the corporation, justifying continued expenditure on it and copperfastening its identity in the process, the Irish Market rapidly became a loss-maker. By early 1905  fifty-eight stalls in St Peter’s were vacant and its annual income of less than £500 was over £200 less than it had been the mid-1880s. Estimated expenditure on the market for 1906 was £600.” (http://www.englishmarket.ie, accessed on 01/11/2014)

In the mid 20th Century the remaining handful of stallholders in St Peter’s Market were given notice of eviction so to speak and were offered alternative pitches in The English Market. The Irish Market was no more. Present day Cork still enjoy weekly markets down by the Coal Quay and are invited to enjoy the creaminess of it’s once world famous butter at the Cork Butter Museum. The English Market is what cork is known for, it has been a symbol of the city since its opening welcoming both citizens and tourists alike to enjoy its very successful innovations and creations of artisan foods.

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I guess that explains my question; I’m sorry I ever doubted the Queen’s decision to come visit!

Image 1.6 Queen with Pat O’Connell of K O’Connell Fish. Sourced from The English Market’s archives.

I hope you’ve enjoyed your perusal of my blog installment this week, despite it not being as exotic as the others’! Keep your eyes peeled for next week when I get the opportunity to showcase some of my own photography skills.

Bye, bye, bye, bye, bye, bye, bye, bye…should I just stop trying to be so Cork while I’m ahead?

Jennifer | 112302041

Planning to read more offline? Download the ePub! Simples!

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Bibliography

General History of The English Market. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.englishmarket.ie/historygallery/thehistoryoftheenglishmarket/theemergenceanddevelopmentofmarketsincorkcity/. [Accessed on 01 November 2014]
Image 1.1 Cork City and County Archives’ online exhibition, Cork: Merchant Heritage.  [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.corkarchives.ie/merchantcity/home/retailheritage/. [Accessed on 01 November 2014]
Image 1.2 and Image 1.6 The English Market’s Online Archives [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.englishmarket.ie/historygallery/gallery/. [Accessed on 01 November 2014]
Image 1.3 Michael O’Leary’s Collection [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/mapsimages/corkphotographs/michaelolearycollection/. [Accessed on 01 November 2014]
Image 1.4 The South of Ireland Illustrated with Descriptive Letterpress and Maps.

Urban Transformation in Pittsburgh – Katie McKay

Hello and Welcome

For this week’s blog I plan to create a photo post (of sorts) on a process which characterized cities during both the nineteenth and twentieth century.

*Drum roll*

I will be examining the theme of cinema-going in the twentieth century, with a particular emphasis on the city of Pittsburgh which is located in the southwest of Pennsylvania. (CityTownInfo, 2014).

Katie McKay | 112417258

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To start us off, the establishment of the cinema was an urban phenomenon. The cinema served as a multi-functional monument within society at the time; it became part of the landscape of the city. It provided a place of relaxation for all classes; ranging from labourers to the women of the house. While also serving as a learning medium for immigrants (Charney & Schwartz, 1995, p.5). It became a practice of modernity, an enhancer of your status and created a medium for forward thinking.

Image 1.1: The Opening of the Oaks Theater in 1938. 1938; Oakmont Carnegie Library Archives; Source here.

In the words of Susan Sontag “a society becomes “modern” when one of its chief activities is producing and consuming images” (1977).

The opening of a cinema was a symbol that modernity had met the city and the above image (see image 1.1) illustrates the modernization which took place in Pittsburgh during the twentieth century (Linehan, 2014).

Image 1.2: Marquee of the Oaks Theater. 1945; Oaks Theater Image Collection; Source here.

Similarly, the dynamics of the cinema followed that of the original exhibition buildings, i.e. the culture of the threshold door disappeared as everyone was welcomed to come to the cinema, a place where class and status remained firmly at the door. The disappearance of the threshold door can be seen in the image above (image 1.2), there is no step that one has to take to enter the Oaks Theater, this symbolizes that this venue was not just a place where the middle and upper classes could go but a place where the working class were welcome too (Linehan, 2014). 

Image 1.3: School Children Outside of the Oaks Theater in 1949; Oaks Theater Image Collection; Source here.  This image illustrates the importance of the cinema in the education system as it shows a group of school children on a trip to the cinema.

In the twentieth century, the cinema was a very important social space, with film seen as a very powerful educational tool (Swain, 2013: Linehan, 2014). The above image (see image 1.3) illustrates the importance of film in education, film was seen as a learning medium for children as it taught them both how to behave and be civil in society and of the lands of far away places. (Linehan, 2014).

Image 1.4: The Audience at the Oaks Theater.  This image depicts the excitement and popularity of the opening of the cinema here in Pittsburgh, created in people’s lives. The room is filled with people of all ages both young and old showing the diversity and acceptance these picture houses created.  November 18, 1938; Oaks Theater Image Collection; Source here.

Before the establishment of the cinema, people often felt trapped in the world they lived in. The cinema brought with it a sense of freedom for people – an escape from the world which they lived in (Linehan, 2014). The cinema brought pleasure to people’s lives, the happiness which it brought can be seen in the image above; see Image 1.4 (Mulvey, 1975). This image is from the opening night at the Oaks Theater and the excitement which the opening of a cinema in Pittsburgh created can be seen through the smiles on the audience’s faces.

Image 1.5: Opening Night at the Oaks Theater November 18th 1938; this image shows the lavish interior design of the Oaks Theater; art deco style flooring, advertisements illuminated on the walls. Oaks Theater Image Collection; Source here.

The final image captures the modernity which greeted people when they walked through the doors of the Oaks Theater in Pittsburgh. The cinemas and picture houses of the 19th and 20th century were palaces for the everyday man and women and a home of excitement and wonderment. The lasting effect of the cinema has survived all the way through to the 21st century; for us they are still places of action, romance and wonderment just like they were for the viewers at the Oaks Theater in Pittsburgh.

I hope you have enjoyed this week’s blog post.

Until next time, 

Katie M

Bibliography:

Charney, L. and Schwartz, V.R. (Eds). (1995) Cinema and the Invention of Modern Life. California: University of California Press.

CityTownInfo, (2014) CityTownInfo. Available at: http://www.citytowninfo.com/places/pennsylvania/pittsburgh [Accessed 6 November 2014]

Linehan, D. (2014) ‘The Apparatus of Desire: Cinema, Social Space and the Human Geographies of Modernity’. GG3043: Historical Geographies of the City. University College Cork. 6 November. 

Mulvey, L. (1975) Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Available at: http://imlportfolio.usc.edu/ctcs505/mulveyVisualPleasureNarrativeCinema.pdf [Accessed 7 November 2014]

Oakmont Carnegie Library Archives. (1938) The Opening of The Oaks Theater. Available at: http://images.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;xc=1;g=imls;sort=dc_da;q1=cinema;size=20;c=hpicasc;c=hpicchatham;c=hpiccma;c=hpiccmnh;c=hpichswp;c=hpicmonroeville;c=hpicnpl;c=hpicoakmont;c=hpicphlf;c=hpicpitcairn;c=hpicpointpark;c=hpicpso;c=hpicrsc;c=hpicusc;back=back1415296131;subview=detail;resnum=2;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=hpicoakmont;entryid=x-20100512-ocl-0892;viewid=20100512-OCL-0892ED.TIF [Accessed 4 November 2014]

Oaks Theater Image Collection. (1938) The Audience at the Oaks Theater. Available at: http://images.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;xc=1;g=imls;sort=dc_da;q1=cinema;size=20;c=hpicasc;c=hpicchatham;c=hpiccma;c=hpiccmnh;c=hpichswp;c=hpicmonroeville;c=hpicnpl;c=hpicoakmont;c=hpicphlf;c=hpicpitcairn;c=hpicpointpark;c=hpicpso;c=hpicrsc;c=hpicusc;back=back1415296131;subview=detail;resnum=4;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=hpicoakmont;entryid=x-20091215-ocl-0178;viewid=20091215-OCL-0178ED.TIF [Accessed 4 November 2014]

Oaks Theater Image Collection. (1938) Opening Night at the Oaks Theater. Available at: http://images.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;xc=1;g=imls;sort=dc_da;q1=cinema;size=20;c=hpicasc;c=hpicchatham;c=hpiccma;c=hpiccmnh;c=hpichswp;c=hpicmonroeville;c=hpicnpl;c=hpicoakmont;c=hpicphlf;c=hpicpitcairn;c=hpicpointpark;c=hpicpso;c=hpicrsc;c=hpicusc;back=back1415296131;subview=detail;resnum=3;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=hpicoakmont;entryid=x-20091215-ocl-0177;viewid=20091215-OCL-0177ED.TIF [Accessed 4 November 2014]

Oaks Theater Image Collection. (1945) Marquee of the Oaks Theater. Available at: http://images.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;xc=1;g=imls;sort=dc_da;q1=cinema;size=20;c=hpicasc;c=hpicchatham;c=hpiccma;c=hpiccmnh;c=hpichswp;c=hpicmonroeville;c=hpicnpl;c=hpicoakmont;c=hpicphlf;c=hpicpitcairn;c=hpicpointpark;c=hpicpso;c=hpicrsc;c=hpicusc;back=back1415385643;subview=detail;resnum=7;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=hpicoakmont;entryid=x-20091215-ocl-0181;viewid=20091215-OCL-0181ED.TIF [Accessed 7 November 2014]

Oaks Theater Image Collection. (1949) Schoolchildren Outside of the Oaks Theater. Available at: http://images.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx?rgn1=ic_all;xc=1;g=imls;sort=dc_da;q1=cinema;size=20;c=hpicasc;c=hpicchatham;c=hpiccma;c=hpiccmnh;c=hpichswp;c=hpicmonroeville;c=hpicnpl;c=hpicoakmont;c=hpicphlf;c=hpicpitcairn;c=hpicpointpark;c=hpicpso;c=hpicrsc;c=hpicusc;back=back1415296131;subview=detail;resnum=8;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=hpicoakmont;entryid=x-20091215-ocl-0180;viewid=20091215-OCL-0180ED.TIF [Accessed 4 November 2014]

Sontag, S. (1977) ‘Photography Unlimited’, The New York Review of Books, 23 June. Available at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1977/jun/23/photography-unlimited/ [Accessed 6 November 2014]

Swain, H. (2013) ‘Film can have a leading role in education’, The Guardian, 19 November. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2013/nov/19/film-education-learning-tool-inclusion [Accessed 7 November 2014]

Boston and ‘the spectacle’ – Katie O’Sullivan

Hey there!

Throughout the course of this week’s blog post I hope to present an informative interpretation of urban life in early 20^th Century Boston, Massachusetts.  Photography is intrinsic to our understanding of historical geography. Surveying the city in the early days of photography produced images used for educational or decorative purposes (Dennis 55). To the keen geographer in modernity however, they provide us with a record which we can analyse and interpret.

I will specifically be focusing on the idea of the spectacle and how spaces were provided for this using Franklin Park Zoo and Fenway Park as examples. Crowd engagement with celebrity has also proved to be a powerful political, cultural, economic and social tool and I will use Amelia Earhart and Babe Ruth to show this.

Map 1.1: A quick illustration I mapped out using Google Earth to show where Images 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 were taken. I have also roughly outlined Greater Boston.

You can click here for further online materials.

New York’s World Fair in 1935 opened with the slogan ”Dawn of a New Day” and encouraged visitors to embrace ”the world of tomorrow”. Exhibitions such as this were commonplace in the 19^th and 20^th centuries (starting in London’s Hyde Park) and these could be considered the beginnings of the spectacle on a large scale in the everyday urban environment.

Katie O’Sullivan | 112362596

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Boston. (Arthur Griffin c.1935-55)

Image 1.1: Housed in Griffin Museum of Photography. Series: Boston Winter A. Filed under: Gelatin Silver Prints (8 x 10 in.) This aerial shot gives a good impression of Boston at this time. Faneuil Hall is centered (the  building extends past the dome), giving due importance to the longtime meeting hall and marketplace ( est. 1742)

Brown bear takes a bath at Franklin Park Zoo. (Leslie Jones c. 1917-34)

Image 1.2: Housed in the Boston Public Library. Series: Animals: Franklin Park Zoo. Filed under: Glass negatives (4 x 5 in.) This is a terrific image showing how  animals forego their wild instinctive nature in favour of a passive human one when in captivity. It is also an interesting take on the idea of surveillance and who is really watching who, as the bear gazes directly out at us.

 

A zoo is at once, both a form of containment and display, inviting spectators to wander a 72-acre site, no matter the season. By putting wild animals in enclosures humankind has essentially reshaped nature (see Image 1.2). Even today, the zoo as a form of entertainment has not lost its popularity. It is easy to imagine how intimidating and exciting it was for children and adults to be so near to exotic animals they may never have otherwise encountered in 1912 when the Zoo opened. Zoos were also educational, teaching the general public about the geographical origins of the animals and their habitats, creating a more knowledgeable society.

 

 

  Amelia Earhart at East Boston Airport in Ford Trimotor (Leslie Jones c. July 1920**)

Image 1.3: Housed in the Boston Public Library. Series: Aviation: Boardman, Earhart & Grayson. Filed under: Glass negatives (4 x 5 in.) Before the aeroplane became a common mode of transport across the globe, one can only imagine the ‘wow’ factor at seeing someone fly; fast and high. It should be noted that  there is a relatively heavy security presence around the crowd and a group of Native Americans at the top left; showing how Amelia was held in high esteem by a diverse range of people; men and women alike.

 

I came across countless photos of new technology and transport methods in the archives. However, I chose this particular one (see Image 1.3)  as it demonstrates the celebrity combined with air transport. It is ironic that Jervis states ‘such machines [aeroplanes were] characteristically coded as masculine’ (1998, p. 213). Following on from this, we discussed how the role of women has changed over the centuries in lectures this week. This makes Amelia Earhart all the more special as she too became an icon, a female aviator enshrouded in success and mystery, disappearing 10 years after this visit to the grounds that later became Logan Airport.

 

 

 

 Babe Ruth autographing at Fenway. (Leslie Jones c. 1934) 

Image 1.4: Housed in the Boston Public Library. Series: Baseball. Filed under: Glass negatives (4 x 5 in.) As a fan of rugby myself, I can relate to the youths in this image who yearn for a souvenir that can last a lifetime. This relationship is intrinsic as an autograph on a ball or jersey can be handed down in family history with the accompanying story  ”I remember when I met Babe Ruth after that spectacular game …” as well as being of sentimental or even economic value.

 

Without the infrastructure of a park or stadium in which to practice and play competitively, baseball may never have taken off as a national sport. Fenway Park is iconic and the oldest Major League Baseball (MLB) park still in use (see Image 1.4). 1903 brought with it the first world series in the MLB as the Boston Americans (renamed the Red Sox in 1907) beat the Pittsburgh Pirates. Their early successes generated a large fan-base. It’s interesting to note that the fans Babe Ruth is attending to in the image are male. This shows the gender division in sports at the time.

 

 

 

 

State House fireworks. (Leslie Jones c. 4th July  1932)

Image 1.5: Housed in the Boston Public Library. Series: Boston: Public Buildings. Filed under: Glass negatives (4 x 5 in.) This image is the very pinnacle of  how most people would regard ‘the spectacle’; a fireworks show. However, there are politics of prestige and power involved in the organisation of such displays. This one for instance is held near the State House.

  Jervis defines the spectacle as ‘an extravagant visual entertainment… [which] dramatizes and projects the passivity of experience, its dependence on canons of representation through which its meaning is shaped and defined’ (1998, p. 344).

To conclude, the growth of celebrity and success in sport kept the public in good spirits. Meanwhile an increase in outdoor family activities, celebrating Independence Day and trips to the Zoo helped reduce potential dissention. These public events, whereby people were regulated through spectating, became a kind of safety valve, a common conclusion among political historians. The diverse range of spectacles pictured above, acted as an underhanded method of regulating Bostonians and will last infinitely through the medium of photography.

That’s all for this week,

Katie O.

 

** The archival record date for Image 1.3 is incorrect as this was before Amelia became well known and admired, it is more likely to have been c. 1927-28

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 Bibliography.

See History | Sports and Leisure at <http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/about/trivia.asp&gt;

Dennis, R 2008, Cities in modernity, Cambridge University Press, UK.

Jervis, J 1998, Exploring the Modern, Blackwell Publishing, UK.